Divisibility theory of the integers, primes, unique factorization, congruence. Fermat's little theorem, Diophantine equations. Quadratic residues and quadratic reciprocity laws, primitive roots. Pell’s equations and continued fractions.

CILO-1: Apply the technique of congruence. CILO-2: Solve simple Diophantine equations. CILO-3: Apply the basic techniques in number theory.